Free Arab Culture Essays and Papers Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2701 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Uncategorized Essay Type Research paper Tags: Marriage Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Arab societies are undergoing major changes as new patterns of marriage and family formation emerge across the region. For long decades, early marriage was the common pattern in the Arab world. However, it is no longer the only pattern. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Free Arab Culture Essays and Papers Pdf" essay for you Create order The average age of marriage is rising and more Arab women are staying single for a long time and sometimes they dont get married at all. These new marriage trends in the Arab World are part of a world global phenomenon. The changes of marriage trends in the Arab world reflect the social and economic changes taking place in the region. Arab economies moved away from agrarian based systems which supported both early marriage and extended family numbers [Hoda R.and Magued O., 2005]. The majority of the Arab populations live in cities working in industrial or service sectors. Today, Arab women are more educated and more likely to work outside their homes for personal and financial independence. These changes create a new image of woman and change her past traditional role as a mother and household member. The objective of this research is the studying of marriage issue in the Arab world because marriage is one of the key important factors that determine the social and econ omic present and future in the Arab countries. Both problems of early marriage and increase of average age of marriage of marriage are explained. Finally, a recommended solutions and actions are proposed in order to naturalize the two problems for decreasing the negative impacts and creation of better Arab societies. Importance of Marriage in Arab Society Family is the main concern in Arab societies. Family is considered the main social security system for young and elder people in Arab countries. In Arab culture, parents are responsible for children well into those childrens adult lives, and children reciprocate by taking responsibility for the care of their aging parents—responsibilities that Arabs generally take on with great pride. Marriage for Arabs is thus both an individual and a family matter. In Arab societies, marriage is considered the turning point that defines prestige, recognition, and societal approval on both partners, particularly the bride. Marriage in Arab societies is considered the social and economic contract between two families. Marriage is also considered the right form of socially, culturally, and legally acceptable sexual relationship [1]. Early marriage in Arab World Early marriage is any form of marriage that takes place at age of 18 years. Early marriages are often associated with enforcement. Forced marriage is the marriage conducted without full consent of both parties and sometimes with a threat [2].From human rights point of view, early marriage is considered a violation of human rights conventions. In Arab societies- especially developing countries- early marriage, is considered a means of securing young girls future and protecting them. Wars and social problems may leads also to early marriage as in Palestine, where the intifada has led to earlier marriage. Many countries in the world have declared 18 as the minimum legal age of marriage. However, more than millions of young girls are expected to marry in the next decade according to the international statistics. [2]. Early marriage has decreased in many world countries in the last decades. However, it is still common in rural areas and among poor people. Poor parents believe that early marriage will protect their daughters and save their future. Young girls are forced into marriage by their families while they are still children because they think that marriage benefits them and secure their financial and social future. Early marriage violates children rights because it decreases their human development, leaving them socially isolated with little education, skills and opportunities for employment and self-realization. These conditions ultimately make married girls vulnerable to poverty .Early marriage is a health and human rights violation because it takes place within the context of poverty and gender inequality with social, cultural and economic dimensions [3]. Reasons of early marriage in Arab World There different reasons of early marriage in Arab countries, some of these reasons are referred to cultural reasons, others are referred to economic reasons. Some of these reasons are: High poverty rates, birth rates and death rates, greater incidence of conflict and civil wars, lower levels of overall development, including schooling, employment, health care and believes that early marriage is a means of securing young girls future and protecting them [4]. Traditional values surrounding girls virginity and family honour play a major role in Arab families decisions to marry off their daughters at young ages [1]. Effects of early marriage Although the trend of early marriage is decreasing in the Arab world, the number of young girls in Arab countries teenagers who are married is still high. Early marriage is generally associated with early childbearing and high fertility, both of which pose health risks for women and their children [5]. Young mothers are at greater risk than older mothers of dying from causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. And the younger a bride is, the more significant the age gap with her husband tends to be—which exacerbates her disadvantage in negotiating with her husband on matters such as her own health care needs [6]. Young wives are required to do a many hard domestic duties, including new roles and responsibilities as wives and mothers. The young brides status in the family is dependent on her demonstrating her fertility within the first year of marriage when she is not physiologically and emotionally prepared [7]. Young wives are forced to be responsible for the care and welfare of their families and future generations while they are still children themselves. They have no decision making powers, restricted mobility and limited economic resources. Early marriage is a direct cause of woman poverty and wide age gaps between younger married girls and their spouses create unequal power relations between the young bride and her older and more experienced husband, resulting in husbands having total control over sexual relations and decision-making [5]. Young wives are often unable to make wise plans for their families and may be forced to select between one of two hard choices: either to tolerate husbands violence or to make crimes (killing them). AIDS epidemic increases in young women due to the combination socioeconomic, cultural and political factors that put young women at greater risk of HIV infection due to the lack of sexual knowledge and limited access to information and resources. Younger women may face unsuccessful marriages and divorce could happen as a result of lack of maturity, incomplete independence, limited time to get prepared for marriage and having kids, dealing with education/career building and family formation at the same time. Relative Marriage in Arab World Marriage between relatives is a significant feature in Arab societies. High rate of marriage between relatives is known as consanguinity. Marriage between relatives is clear in Arab countries such as Libya and Sudan. Sometimes, consanguineous marriage is arranged marriages that reflects the wishes of the marrying relatives. But marriage between close relatives can jeopardize the health of their offspring, as can marriage among families with a history of genetic diseases [1]. New trends in Marriage in Arab world In the last decade, early marriage has declined in many Arab countries such as Kuwait and Emirates. For example , in Emirates, the pace of decline is very significant where the percentage of women ages 15 to 19 who were married dropped from 57 percent in 1975 to 8 percent by 1995 [1]. The general feature of marriage pattern in the for the region as a whole, women are marrying later in late of 20th or 30th and some women are not marrying at all. As shown in table (1), In Tunisia, Algeria, and Lebanon, only 1 percent to 4 percent of women ages 15 to 19 are married, and the percentage of women ages 35 to 39 who have never married in these countries now ranges from 15 percent to 21 percent. The percentage of women ages 35 to 39 who have never married is a good indicator for measuring changes in the universality of marriage, because the likelihood of a single woman marrying after age 40 is quite low [8] Source: Pan-Arab Project for Child Development: Arab Mother and Child Health; Council of Health Ministers of GCC States, Gulf Family Health Surveys; and Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics special tabulations of the 2004 Palestinian Demographic and Health Survey . Palestinians have different marriage pattern where early is the most type that takes place. The main reason is the war and occupation where families wishes to increase the generation for freeing their countries and help them to face hard life in the region. As shown in figure (), most of Palatines marry in the age of 14 to 24 year old [1]. SOURCES: Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, special tabulation, 2004 Palestinian Demographic and Health Survey. The marriage-age gap is particularly pronounced in Arab societies. One-quarter of recent marriages in Egypt and Lebanon had women at least 10 years younger than their husbands [9]. Marriage problem in Egypt The main problem of marriage in Egypt is its high costs especially because of dowry, Shabka, Housing, Furniture and appliances and gihaz. Regardless of the economic situations of marrying couples and their families, the gihaz and other goods purchased to set up the newlyweds home have to be new, not used. The rising cost of marriage is in part attributed to the rising expectations and consumerism that have accompanied the opening of the Egyptian economy, which began in the 1970s. The countrys high cost of housing and furnishings have had a number of unintended consequences for marriage patterns, such as youth entering into urfi (common-law marriages that are unregistered and generally secretive) as well as men marrying women who are older and financially secured [10]. Nonconventional Forms of Marriage The high costs of Arab marriage as well as high unemployment and economic difficulties are blamed for the spread of so-called â€Å"urfi† (or common law) marriages among young urban adults in some countries in the region. Generally hidden from the participants families, urfi marriages are undertaken to avoid the difficulties of a standard marriage and give a sexual relationship some degree of legitimacy. The secrecy surrounding urfi marriages puts young women at a particular disadvantage because these women are not able to negotiate the terms of their marriage a role usually played by families in conventional marriages. There are thousands of urfi marriages cases in Egypt among university students [11]. Traditionally, urfi marriages have been religiously condoned as proper if the couples parents approve of the marriage and there is a public announcement of the ban. Some families in rural villages opt for urfi marriages when the bride is too young to be legally marr ied, deferring the official registration of the marriages to a future date. But the public, the religious establishment, and the legal system have generally perceived urban urfi marriages as a pretext and cover for premarital sex. Another form of unconventional marriage in the Arab World is the mutaa and messyar. Mutaa is a temporary marriage, which is practiced by the Shiites in southern Lebanon and other areas, couples specify in their marriage contract the date upon which the marriage ends. On ther hand, Messyar marriage is common in the Gulf region. In this type of marriage, there is an arrangement that man marries without any of the housing and financial responsibility that a standard Arab marriage generally requires of him. In general, Messyar and Mutaa are practiced mostly by men who are marrying a second wife where they tend to give legitimacy to sexual relationships and reduce the number of never married women in society, they introduce other social complications , such as the upbringing of children from such marriages [1]. Womens rights regarding marriage According to the international human rights conventions, woman has the rights when entering, during and at the end of the marriage. When entering marriage, woman has the same right as a man to enter marriage only with full consent. A woman married under minimum age shouldnt be considered legally married. Marriage must be registered in an official registry. If a woman marries someone with another nationality, she will not have her nationality automatically changed to that of her husband unless she chooses that [12]. During marriage, woman has the same rights and responsibilities as man. She has the right to equal access to health services, the right of protection from violence within the family. She also has the same rights as a man to decide freely about the number and spacing of children and to have access to information, education and means to exercise these rights [12]. Woman has the same rights and responsibilities as her husband towards children regardless of her ma rital status and family benefits. Change in womans husband nationality during marriage doesnt imply that her nationality must be change. If woman is employed she must not be discriminated against on the grounds of marriage and maternity. At the end of marriage, woman has the same rights as man when a marriage ends. Neither woman nationality nor that of her children shall automatically be affected by the ending of a marriage. Woman has the same rights and responsibilities as a man towards her children regardless of her marital status [12]. How to solve the problem? There is an urgent need to for a better understanding of the social and economic environment surrounding Arab marriage. Policies and governmental programs should meet the youth need to marry and make families. Understanding of marriage patterns changes and their social and economic implications need to be addressed. Successful implementation including right decisions and accurate schedules are needed to address and meet the requirements and needs of young people who want to marry or remain single [1]. The recommended solutions for improving marriage situation in Arab World are: Using International pressure specially regarding woman rights stated in human rights conventions on Arab countries to follow the Womens Conventions. Following poverty reduction strategies Making the required reforms of marriage and family laws to meet the human rights standards and monitoring the impacts of these laws on Arab societies. Providing safety employment opportunities for youth specially girls and women affected or at risk of early marriage. Ensuring the right to education and information for girls, including married girls. Providing incentives to encourage families to educate their children. Encouraging activities that change the attitudes and behaviour of community and religious leaders – especially regarding early marriage, girls education and employment. Developing rules that redefine acceptable ages of marriage and offer social and economic supports that allow parents and girls to delay marriage until suitable age. Raising consciousness about child marriage consequences and impacts of increase of average age of marriage as well. Promoting legal, and chosen forms of marriage Supporting married young girls Work cited Hoda R. and Magued, O,, Marriage in the Arab World , Population Reference Bureau, September 2005. Stephen H. , Early Marriage – Child Spouses , Innocenti Digest no. 7, UNICEF , March 2007. UNIFEM, Forced and Early Marriage, URL:https://www.stopvaw.org/Forced_and_Early_Marriage.htmlMinnesota, Advocates for Human Rights, August 2007. Forum on Marriage and the Rights of Women and Girls, Early Marriage and Poverty Exploring links for policy and program development ,2003. UNFPA, The Promise of Inequality: Gender Inequality and Reproductive Health, URL:https://www.unfpa.org/swp/2003/english/ch2/index.htm, 2005. World Health Organization, â€Å"WHO/UNFPA/Population Council Technical Consultation on Married Adolescents† ,Geneva: WHO, 2003. United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office, A Choice by Right: Working Group on Forced Marriages Child Marriage Fact Sheet, 2000. League of Arab States, Pan-Arab Project for Child Development: Arab Mother and Child Health Surveys , Pan-Arab Project for Family Health; Council of Health Ministers of GCC States, Gulf Family Health Surveys; ORC Macro, Demographic and Health Surveys; and Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics special tabulations of 2004 Palestinian Demographic and Health Survey. Social Research Center at the American University in Cairo using the Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (2003) and the Lebanon Maternal and Child Health Survey (1996). Diane S. and Barbara I., â€Å"The Cost of Marriage in Egypt: A Hidden Variable in the New Arab Demography,† in the New Arab Family, Cairo Papers in Social Science 24 (2001): 80-116; and World Bank, â€Å"Building Institutions for Markets,† World Bank Report 2002 (Washington DC: World Bank, 2002): table 1. Gihan S., â€Å"The Double Bind,† Al Ahram Weekly On-line 397 (Oct. 1-7, 1998). The International Womens Tribune Centre Rights of Women, A Guide to the Most Important United Nations Treaties on Womens Human Rights, New York 1998.

Child Directed Speech Essay - 833 Words

Child Directed Speech What is Child Directed Speech? It is the theory of language development of young children aged between 1 year old and 4 years old. There are three key features in the development of child speech: Phonological:  · Speak slower, clearer pronunciation  · More pauses, especially between phrases and sentences  · Higher pitch  · Exaggerated intonation and stress Lexis:  · Simpler, more restricted vocabulary  · Diminutive forms (e.g. doggie)  · Concrete language, referring to objects in the childs immediate environment Grammar:  · Simpler constructions  · Frequent use of imperatives  · High degree of repetition  ·Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦pointing to a picture. 2) Query: e.g. ask to identify picture. 3) Label: e.g. tell what object is. 4) Feedback: e.g. Repetition and reinforcement. Repetition and reinforcement: Skinner, B.F (1957), Behaviourist: Suggests that parents should play on the role of: Stimulus Reward. However, its noted that all children pass through the stages of development, regardless of the types of reinforcement given. Also, there is a gap between performance (speaking) and competence (understanding). Finally, consistent application - create original sentences (not imitating - creating). Innateness: Noam Chomsky (1959 + 1965) } } Biological Molecule. Lennenberg } Lennenbergs theory (L.A.D.) - Language Acquisition Device. Linguistic Universals  · Deepstructure  · Surface Structure However, there are criticisms behind this theory: 1) Suggests that language can only be learned by exposure to it - neglects interactive aspects. 2) Bard and Sachs (1977) - Jim - Son of deaf parents, - The parents used very little sign language to communicate with him, instead, exposed him to television and radio, to develop and understand language, however, very little language at all was developed until, he was sent to a speech therapist where a gradual progress of speech was accomplished. 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Part Five Chapter IV Free Essays

IV A misty blue sky stretched like a dome over Pagford and the Fields. Dawn light shone upon the old stone war memorial in the Square, on the cracked concrete faà §ades of Foley Road, and turned the white walls of Hilltop House pale gold. As Ruth Price climbed into her car ready for another long shift at the hospital, she looked down at the River Orr, shining like a silver ribbon in the distance, and felt how completely unjust it was that somebody else would soon have her house and her view. We will write a custom essay sample on Part Five Chapter IV or any similar topic only for you Order Now A mile below, in Church Row, Samantha Mollison was still sound asleep in the spare bedroom. There was no lock on the door, but she had barricaded it with an armchair before collapsing, semi-dressed, onto the bed. The beginnings of a vicious headache disturbed her slumber, and the sliver of sunshine that had penetrated the gap in the curtains fell like a laser beam across the corner of one eye. She twitched a little, in the depths of her dry-mouthed, anxious half-sleep, and her dreams were guilty and strange. Downstairs, among the clean, bright surfaces of the kitchen, Miles sat bolt upright and alone with an untouched mug of tea in front of him, staring at the fridge, and stumbling again, in his mind’s eye, upon his drunken wife locked in the embrace of a sixteen-year-old schoolboy. Howard Mollison was sleeping soundly and happily in his double bed. The patterned curtains dappled him with pink petals and protected him from a rude awakening, but his rattling wheezing snores had roused his wife. Shirley was eating toast and drinking coffee in the kitchen, wearing her glasses and her candlewick dressing gown. She visualized Maureen swaying arm in arm with her husband in the village hall and experienced a concentrated loathing that took the taste from every mouthful. In the Smithy, a few miles outside Pagford, Gavin Hughes soaped himself under a hot shower and wondered why he had never had the courage of other men, and how they managed to make the right choices among almost infinite alternatives. There was a yearning inside him for a life he had glimpsed but never tasted, yet he was afraid. Choice was dangerous: you had to forgo all other possibilities when you chose. Kay Bawden was lying awake and exhausted in bed in Hope Street, listening to the early morning quiet of Pagford and watching Gaia, who was asleep beside her in the double bed, pale and drained in the early daylight. There was a bucket next to Gaia on the floor, placed there by Kay, who had half carried her daughter from bathroom to bedroom in the early hours, after holding her hair out of the toilet for an hour. ‘Why did you make us come here?’ Gaia had wailed, as she choked and retched over the bowl. ‘Get off me. Get off. I fuck – I hate you.’ Kay watched the sleeping face and recalled the beautiful little baby who had slept beside her, sixteen years ago. She remembered the tears that Gaia had shed when Kay had split up with Steve, her live-in partner of eight years. Steve had attended Gaia’s parents’ evenings and taught her to ride a bicycle. Kay remembered the fantasy she had nurtured (with hindsight, as silly as four-year-old Gaia’s wish for a unicorn) that she would settle down with Gavin and give Gaia, at last, a permanent stepfather, and a beautiful house in the country. How desperate she had been for a storybook ending, and a life to which Gaia would always want to return; because her daughter’s departure was hurtling towards Kay like a meteorite, and she foresaw the loss of Gaia as a calamity that would shatter her world. Kay reached out a hand beneath the duvet and held Gaia’s. The feel of the warm flesh that she had accidentally brought into the world made Kay start to weep, quietly, but so violently that the mattress shook. And at the bottom of Church Row, Parminder Jawanda slipped a coat on over her nightdress and took her coffee into the back garden. Sitting in the chilly sunlight on a wooden bench, she saw that it was promising to be a beautiful day, but there seemed to be a blockage between her eyes and her heart. The heavy weight on her chest deadened everything. The news that Miles Mollison had won Barry’s seat on the Parish Council had not been a surprise, but on seeing Shirley’s neat little announcement on the website, she had known another flicker of that madness that had overtaken her at the last meeting: a desire to attack, superseded almost at once by stifling hopelessness. ‘I’m going to resign from the council,’ she told Vikram. ‘What’s the point?’ ‘But you like it,’ he had said. She had liked it when Barry had been there too. It was easy to conjure him up this morning, when everything was quiet and still. A little, ginger-bearded man; she had been taller than him by half a head. She had never felt the slightest physical attraction towards him. What was love, after all? thought Parminder, as a gentle breeze ruffled the tall hedge of leyland cypresses that enclosed the Jawandas’ big back lawn. Was it love when somebody filled a space in your life that yawned inside you, once they had gone? I did love laughing, thought Parminder. I really miss laughing. And it was the memory of laughter that, at last, made the tears flow from her eyes. They trickled down her nose and into her coffee, where they made little bullet holes, swiftly erased. She was crying because she never seemed to laugh any more, and also because the previous evening, while they had been listening to the jubilant distant thump of the disco in the church hall, Vikram had said, ‘Why don’t we visit Amritsar this summer?’ The Golden Temple, the holiest shrine of the religion to which he was indifferent. She had known at once what Vikram was doing. Time lay slack and empty on her hands as never before in her life. Neither of them knew what the GMC would decide to do with her, once it had considered her ethical breach towards Howard Mollison. ‘Mandeep says it’s a big tourist trap,’ she had replied, dismissing Amritsar at a stroke. Sukhvinder had crossed the lawn without Parminder noticing. She was dressed in jeans and a baggy sweatshirt. Parminder hastily wiped her face and squinted at Sukhvinder, who had her back to the sun. ‘I don’t want to go to work today.’ Parminder responded at once, in the same spirit of automatic contradiction that had made her turn down Amritsar. ‘You’ve made a commitment, Sukhvinder.’ ‘I don’t feel well.’ ‘You mean you’re tired. You’re the one who wanted this job. Now you fulfil your obligations.’ ‘But – ‘ ‘You’re going to work,’ snapped Parminder, and she might have been pronouncing sentence. ‘You’re not giving the Mollisons another reason to complain.’ After Sukhvinder walked back to the house Parminder felt guilty. She almost called her daughter back, but instead she made a mental note that she must try and find time to sit down with her and talk to her without arguing. How to cite Part Five Chapter IV, Essay examples

Research in Nursing

Question: Explain Research in Nursing. Answer: Introduction: Nursing research has a great influence professional nursing training and practices. It is an important component in the educational process. Throughout this century, the role of the nurse has gained importance and evolved significantly. The clinical learning in this field has made the nurses more efficient in handling cases, that earlier was not possible. In recent times, nurses have to work in different types of settings; they are required in hospitals, classrooms, community health centers. Nurses are also required in nursing schools, business sector, old age home, home health care. Clinical learning laboratories also require nurses. Each role in this field has a different responsibility. The primary role of the nurse remains the same, to care for patients, be there for them. A professional nurse is a clients advocate. The research concerning nursing has a primary goal for the betterment of the life of fellow human beings. The knowledge that is gained by research is printed into tex tbooks, taught in classrooms and web based instruction module. This knowledge is the basis for the progress in the field of nursing. Research helps in progressing the present nursing technology and knowhow. Research helps in evidence based learning for the nurses. Research is not normally the traditional method of teaching for nurses. Normally nurses have a traditional responsibility of either in direct care of patients or they are involved in administrative aspect of patient health care. However, in these times of technological advancement the research in the field of nursing is increasing in popularity. Nursing research is a field that is growing, it is a field where individuals within the profession can contribute a variety of skills and technique, and it can also help professionals in this field bring in experience to the field of nursing. This accumulated knowledge can be improved and tailored to suit the need of the patients (Chan et al., 2016). Research in nursing is important and vital to the practices of the new age professional nursing. The benefits and the outcomes of the researches include, opportunity that was given to the students to acquire new knowledge, it helped the students to gain knowledge in biology, biochemistry, genetics and so on. It is a new belief that researches is valuable aspect and beneficial in the learning that help the nurses and other health professionals to refine the techniques of providing care to the patients. This knowledge can also help students in other settings. Research helps in defining long term and short-term goals to develop appropriate intervention for children or adults who are susceptible to or at a risk of diseases due to various factors like tobacco, fast foods and other factors that is ailing the society in recent times. Practice with research and evidence based technique helps in serving the patients better. Nursing research opens endless possibility to the students of this fi eld; it is an emerging and rowing field where new discoveries can be implemented easily into the field trial. Through research, the roles and responsibilities of the staff in a team can be defined easily. Research provides a better understanding of the importance of scientific evidence; these evidences help to support the clinical practices. Research in Nursing: The research conducted by Martha S. Tingen and colleagues titled The Importance of Nursing Research is a qualitative research. A qualitative research is primarily explanatory research that is done to gain an understanding of the reasons, opinions and other aspects likes motivations that is driving the research. It provides the insights into the problem. The researches help in developing ideas and hypotheses for research purposes. Qualitative research helps in uncovering new thoughts and opinions about the topic and helps in diving deeper into the problem. The data collected may vary when using different techniques. Qualitative research includes focus groups, individual interviews, and participations from other people. The size of the participants is normally small. The respondents of the participation are given criteria to fulfill (Chan et al., 2016). In a quantitative research a problem is solved quantitatively, that is by way of generating numerical data or value that can be used as a usable statistics. It quantifies the variable of the research like attitudes, opinions and other factors. They produce a generalized results selected from a larger sample size from the population. In a quantitative research, the data are used to formulate facts and patterns in research. The data collection methods in quantitative research is far more structured than the qualitative research. Quantitative research data collection methods uses surveys , these surveys can be conducted as a online survey, face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, online polls and others (Reynolds et al., 2016). The quantitative research was of experimental nature. The purpose of this was to describe the students experience of becoming aware and acquiring knowledge in a federally funded research study from the National Institute of Nursing Research. This research gave an opportunity to the students to get involved in a federally funded research with a primary aim that was designated to find out the effects of gene-environment interaction on risk factors of pre-clinical cardiovascular disease. The number of adults was taken to be 585 young adults with a family history of cardiac diseases (Reynolds et al., 2016) . The study was done in controlled environment where the subjects of the study were tested for some stress factors that contribute to the onset of diseases. This study was performed under the watch of physicians, nurses and other members of the research team. The ethnicity and the gender of the patients were also taken under consideration. The study subjects were tested for cardio-vascular dependent measures like diastolic blood pressure, endothelial- dependent arterial vasodilatation, left ventricular mass index for body size, systolic blood pressure, and peripheral resistance. Steps of the study: The steps of the study was evenly defined it consisted of task divided between the biostatistician, cardiologist, nurse, research team and the psychologist. The co investigators of the team like the genetic laboratory personnel. The first six weeks were orientation for the researchers and others associated with the study. After conclusion of the orientation the team had a meeting and all members were introduced to the team. After which the team reviewed the grant application. Reviewing of the grant helps to understand the specific aims and objectives of the study. The intended procedure and process of the laboratory work can be understood by analyzing the grant application. If the proposal is complex then the principal researchers need to further explain the study aim with further clarity. This concluded the Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative or CITI. After touring the facility the study was commenced. Next was the Roche educational program, which was focused on the gene tically important aspects of the study. The CITI program task was tedious and time consuming. At the end of the introduction program the students understood the policies and procedures, these help in maintaining the security of the study sunjects and also the confidentiality of the human subjects. The Roche genetics program hoped to gain a deeper understanding of the genetic mechanism of the study. After two months the work commenced. Nursing researchers got hands on training in using library sources for getting information and then processing them to apply in a laboratory format (Tingen et al., 2009). According to the research report: Problem- the students were not familiar with the use of new technology. The topic of research was new and the study was sophisticated. The students were exposed to new techniques like polymerase chain reaction, DNA extraction, primer design, gel condition, measurement and estimation of the reagents and other general laboratory technique. Purpose- The study was to make new study that identified the importance of nursing research. It also focused on the training of the clinical students. This study broadened their horizons regarding the future of the nursing research, professional growth and increased the opportunity for further experiments, qualitative, quantitative researches in the field on nursing (Nursing Research, 2013).. Framework- the framework was established in the grant application by the principal scientist and the other senior members of the research. Outcome of the research-the results that were obtained were qualitative where further research was needed for validating the claims of the team. The research in the field of health care always do not yield a composite result but they have to undergo field trial to gain substantial data, these data have to be further analyzed and compared with other research for validation (Nursing Research, 2013). Conclusion Research in the field of nursing is used to provide evidence based care that improves the quality of the health for the individuals under the care of nurses. The researchers can also help the family, communities and the entire health care system. Nurses utilize this kind of research to propose and shape a good, efficient health policy. They also advice the local government and policy makers to introduce any change regarding the existing rules and regulation of the nursing part of the health care. These influence direct care of the patient, it also affects the health care system of an organization. It influences in the local and federal level of management in health care. Every research agenda in the field of the nursing brings a change in the existing policy of nursing. References: Chan, R., Geary, A., Yates, P., Nasato, G. (2016). Building capacity for cancer nursing research and evidence based practice: The cancer nursing professorial precinct initiative.Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing. Clark, A. M., Neubeck, L., Strachan, P. H., Currie, K., Angus, J. E. (2016). The Contributions of Qualitative Research to Cardiac Conditions. InHandbook of Qualitative Health Research for Evidence-Based Practice(pp. 107-121). Springer New York. King-Shier, K. M., Singh, S., Khan, N. A., LeBlanc, P., Lowe, J. C., Mather, C. M., ... Quan, H. (2016). Ethno-Cultural Considerations in Cardiac Patients Medication Adherence.Clinical nursing research, 1054773816646078. Mallari, M. S. N., Grace, M., Joseph, D. (2016). Ethical Frameworks for Decision-Making in Nursing Practice and Research: An Integrative Review. Nursing Research. (2013).Nursingworld.org. Retrieved 18 June 2016, from https://www.nursingworld.org/EspeciallyForYou/Nurse-Researchers Puurveen, G., Phinney, A., Cox, S., Purvest, B. (2016). Ethical issues in the use of video observations with people with advanced dementia and their caregivers in nursing home environments.Visual Methodologies,3(2), 16-26. Reynolds, M. A. H., Renn, N. (2016). A Comparison of Online and Televised Interactive Classroom Learning for Undergraduate Nursing Research. Rosser, E., Reeve, J., Neale, D., Smith, C., Valentine, J., Grey, R. (2016). Developing clinical leadership: a co-operative inquiry approach to evaluate the benefits of an action learning set with nursing consultants in England. Snelling, P. C. (2016). The metaethics of nursing codes of ethics and conduct.Nursing Philosophy. Tingen, M. S., Andrews, J. O., Heath, J., Williams, L. B., Schroeder, C., Dainer, P., ... Waller, J. L. (2016). Abstract B62: Tailored parental cessation delivered concurrently with tobacco prevention in children enrolled in urban and rural southern elementary schools.Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers Prevention,25(3 Supplement), B62-B62. Tingen, M., Burnett, A., Murchison, R., Zhu, H. (2009). The Importance of Nursing Research.Journal Of Nursing Education,48(3), 167-170. https://dx.doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20090301-10 Vonderleahr, R. A., General, A. S., Club, F., Inspection, A. M., Day, V. CDA Free Dancing And Social Graces Classes Limited To 400. Wallace, J. (2016). Nursing Student Work-Study Internship Program: An Academic Partnership.Journal of Nursing Education,55(6), 357-359.

Medieval Torture Paper free essay sample

People have these romantic notions that the medieval time period was full of knights in shining armor and fairytale princesses, when in all reality, the medieval time period was a bloodthirsty and violent time period. Government and religious officials used sadistic torture to punish suspects and obtain confessions. Torture is the deliberate and cruel infliction of mental and physical suffering to obtain information or for any other reason. †The oldest and strongest emotion of mankind is fear† ( Lovecraft). The tools and devices used brought extreme pain to the victim. This cruel infliction of mental and physical suffering was said to be done in the name of crime and its deserved punishment. It was also done as a means to intimidate a suspect or for revenge. The laws of this time period did not have any fixed rules for the treatment of prisoners or suspects. The different types of torture were used depending on the victim’s crime and social status. We will write a custom essay sample on Medieval Torture Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The government turned its back on these practices, which lead to the creation of gory torture chambers because of the misuse of freedom. In bigger cities like London, crime was more harshly enforced. A skilled torturer used instruments, methods and devices to prolong life as long as they could, while inflicting the most pain before they executed the victim. Many castles had torture chambers in the dungeon or in the tallest tower, where they can torture many victims at once. Medieval tortures had two types of devices. Devices they used to torture victims and devices they used to execute victims. Torture chambers of the medieval time period are designed to scare the victims. These chambers are built underground or in the tallest tower of the castle. When the victim enters the chamber, there awaits the torturer wearing a black hood with their face covered. The entrance of these chambers were accessed through winding passages, which served the function of muffling the screams of the victims throughout the rest of the castle. The torture chambers are small, usually eleven feet by seven feet. Most of the chambers were dingy, vermin infested and dimly lit. Tortures could hold ten to twenty victims in the room at once and would never clean the blood or flesh, so victims would suffer from diseases and viruses. Physical torture is the most common type of torture during the medieval time period. They created many types of torture devices that they would use on their victims to obtain confessions. Their method of torture depended on the victims crime and social class. What strikes us most in considering the mediaeval tortures is not so much their diabolical barbarity †¦ as the extraordinary variety, and what may be termed the artistic skill, they displayed. They represent a condition of thought in which men had pondered long and carefully on all the forms of suffering, had compared and combined the different kinds of torture, till they had become the most consummate masters of their art, had expended on the subject all the resources of the utmost ingenuity, and had pursued it with the ardour of a passion† (Parry). During this time period there were no laws that stated how prisoners or suspects should be treated, so people of this time period decided torture was the best. The government knew of these practices and turned their backs to them, which lead to the creation of gory torture devices. They created two different types of devices, ones they used for torture and ones they used for execution. These torture devices were feared among the people because they didn’t want to be the torturers next victims. Some of the most gruesome and feared devices that were created were the judas cradle, brazen bull, the wheel, the stake, the rack, pear of anguish, and the breast ripper. The judas cradle was a terrible medieval torture device. The victims were placed on top of a pyramid-like seat. The victim was usually naked to increase the humiliation and had their feet tied together. The tip of the pyramid was placed into the victims anus or vagina. This torture could last between a couple hours to a couple days. The time it took for a victim to die varied from victim to victim. To speed up the dying process, tortures would add weights to the victims legs or they would put oil on the device. Some torturers tried to speed up the process where as others tried to prolong the process as much as possible. Some tortures would lift the victim off the device at night with ropes and continue the torture in the morning. To obtain vital information from a victim, or if a victim refused to talk, the torturer would rock the victim on the pyramid, or make the victim fall repeatedly. The pyramid was never washed, so if the victim did not die quickly enough, or if the torture was interrupted, they would end up dying from and infection. The brazen bull was a hollow statue made out of brass to look like a bull. First the victims tongue would be cut out, then they were placed in the hollow statue. After the door was shut, a fire would be lit around the bull. The movements and screams made the bull seem alive, which brought amusement to the audience and took away from the fact that a person was being burned alive inside the bull, because the people could not see or hear the victim. Legends say that the brazen bull was made by a Greek named Perillus. He made it for a tyrant. Expecting a reward, Perillus was the first person put into the bull. The wheel was one of the most adaptable torture devices the medieval time period used. Earlier torturers would tie victims to a wheel and send them rolling down a rocky hill side. Through the medieval time period torture devices became more elaborate. Torturers mounted the wheel to a frame so it could spin freely. They would tie the victim to the wheel and place fire under the victim or spikes to rip the victims flesh to shreds. The wheel itself could have spikes on it so pain came from all the different sides. The worst torture by the wheel was when the torturers broke all four of the victims limbs and threaded them through the spokes on the wheel. The wheel would be attached to a tall pole and left outside. â€Å"The rack is commonly considered the most painful form of medieval torture† (Medievality). The rack was a wooden frame with two ropes tied at the bottom and two tied into a handle at the top. Using a handle that pulled the ropes, the torturer pulled the victims arms. After so long of the victim being pulled, the victims bones were dislocated. If the torturer kept pulling, the victims limbs could be torn apart. This method was mostly used for obtaining confessions, but it was also used to bring psychological fear to the victims. If a torturer went too far, they could leave the arms and legs useless. As the medieval period advanced the rack was also advanced. Spikes were put on the wood frame to penetrate the victims back as their limbs were being pulled apart. Being burned at the stake was the last stop for the tortured victims, because this torture was always fatal. All torturers had to do was make a pile of dry wood with a stake in the middle to tie the victim to, then light the wood. Most of the time it only took thirty minutes for the victim to lose consciousness, unless it was windy, then the victim could endure up to two hours of being burned alive. Before being burned at the stake, victims were tortured using other devices. Being burned at the stake was a public event where people brought their kids to watch, hoping to put fear in their minds, so that they wouldn’t grow up and break the law. Torturers had special practices they used on women. Women only torturers were designed to destroy and mutilate aspects of femininity. The practice of sexually torturing women can be traced back to the roman times. â€Å"Female victims were given to soldiers to be raped, or sent to brothels. They might be tied up or paraded through public streets naked. These public humiliations were sometimes followed by bizarre sexual mutilations† (Grabianowski). Torturers were fixated on womens breasts. They would burn, brand and amputate them. The worst device used on a woman was the breast ripper. The breast ripper was a metal claw that pierced the skin of the breasts. The victim would be tied to the wall and the claw would pull the breast away from the body, shredding them. This method was used as an interrogation practice or it would be used to punish women that had children without being married and or were convicted of hearsay, adultery or an accomplice of another crime. The pear of anguish of anguish was a torture device that was worse than the breast ripper. This torture device was a pear shaped device made up of four metal leaves joined by a hinge at the top along with a key or a crank. The pear could be inserted into the anus, vagina or the mouth. When the torturer turns the key, the pears leaves open up causing internal damage. The orifice that received the pear was symbolic. If the victim received the oral pear they were convicted of hearsay. Anal pears were received by homosexuals and the vaginal pear was received by women. Tortures not only use physical torture, they also use psychological torture. Psychological torture uses non-physical methods of torture. Psychological torture of the medieval time period is not as well known as the physical torture the tortures inflict on their victims. Psychological torture is subtle and easier to conceal than physical torture. This type of torture uses extreme stressors and situations, like shunning, mock execution, violation of sexual or social norms and solitary confinement. Psychological torture can induce severe psychological pain, suffering and trauma with no visible effects. Tortures often use physical and psychological torture in combination, to make the effects more terrifying. If the victims survived the hours, even days of torture and weren’t put to execution, they suffered lasting physical and psychological effects. All the devices and torture tactics used in the medieval period left the victims permanently disfigured, mutilated and crippled. â€Å"Prolonged confinement in a scavenger’s daughter would render the victim permanently unable to stand up† (medievalwarefare). The torture brought immediate pain, but just because the torture stopped, doesn’t mean the pain stopped unless the victim were put to execution. Victims of torture would suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder with symptoms such as flashbacks, intrusive thoughts, anxiety, insomnia, nightmares, depression and memory lapses. Victims also feel emotions like quilt and shame brought on by the humiliation they have endured. Victims may also feel betrayed not only by themselves but by their family and friends. Not only do victims suffer from psychological effects, they also have physical effects that go along with their torture. Physical effects can be wide ranging. They can suffer from sexually transmitted diseases, musculo-skeletal problems, brain injury, dementia and chronic pain syndromes. The medieval time period was a blood thirsty and violent period. They created numerous torture devices that they used on victims to obtain confessions. They also created torture chambers that were used to add psychological harm to the victim before they were tortured and then executed, depending on their crime and social class. They used psychological torture and physical torture like the judas cradle and the rack. If the victim was spared or wasn’t killed by being tortured, they ended up with lasting mental and physical problems. They were left permanently disfigured, mutilated and crippled and also ended up with post-traumatic stress disorder.

The Treatment of the Holocaust essays

The Treatment of the Holocaust essays The Treatment of the Holocaust in Films Films concerning the holocaust used comedy and aesthetics in order to exhibit social problems and send an antifascist message. In response to Germanys inhumane actions during the World Wars, the German Nazi party was satirized in several films. Often, these films focus on the effects of current organizational and socio-political structures on the working man and exaggerate the control of the Dictator. In times of war, people may benefit from the humor in these films, as they can distract them from their hardships. Additionally, this type of film allows the filmmaker to express the side of the story that the government ignores. The Great Dictator, To Be or Not To Be, and Seven Beauties, contain aesthetic elements that can affect the emotions of the viewer. The Great Dictator was written and directed by Charlie Chaplin in 1940. From the start of the film, the socio-political satire begins with the following text: "This is a story of a period between two world wars an interim in which Insanity cut loose, Liberty took a nose dive, and Humanity was kicked around somewhat". When he wrote the screenplay for this film, Chaplin had no idea what kind of atrocities would be committed by the Nazis; therefore, the issue of the Holocaust was not treated quite as sensitively as it would be in years to come. The most memorable scene depicts Adenoid Hynkel (Chaplin), kicking a balloon-like globe around his office gently and beautifully; after a few minutes of lovely musical accompaniment, Hynkel (a characterization of Hitler) pops the globe and is left with nothing but ripped plastic. Chaplin also plays the role of a little Jewish barber who gets sent to a concentration camp. The camp is not representative of what we now know had been going on; the concentration camp was actually portrayed to be nothing more than crammed, poverty-stricken, living. The similar physiq...

Impact of Personal Finance on UK Housing Market Essay

Impact of Personal Finance on UK Housing Market - Essay Example The measurement concept is vital in understanding the future prospects of the housing market because it provides a rough estimate of the income and the disposable income of the household and the tenants. In UK, the residual income concept is used for estimating the monthly disposable income, after the payment of the monthly mortgage system. The affordability factor is largely triggered by the average income of the household individuals and tenant owners by computing ratio. However, huge crisis was seen in both the household and rental category during 1999 to 2003 due to factors like low income of the individuals, legal inability to purchase the housing property, instability in the tenure of security ownership and also the highly geared financial exposure caused by the price variations. Therefore, it is observed that the UK housing prices was largely affected by the hike in the customer prices and the household incomes (Macgregor, Lizieri and Ball, 2008).The UK housing price grew by 4 7 percent, consumer price by 12 percent and household sector by 33 percent during the tenure 1996 to 2003 (Macgregor, Lizieri and Ball, 2008). The high income elasticity of the individuals with respect to the increase in the price valuation of the household property is responsible for the growth in housing market. The level of mortgage debts on the household balance sheet which is relative to the disposable income of the consumers is also a major factor for the development in the housing market (Poon and Garratt, 2012). During the tenure 2000 to 2003, the growth in the housing market depicted variability and stability in the varying rates of the price... This report stresses that in UK, the procurement of the housing facility is largely facilitated by the financial risk and the structural pattern of the housing market. Apart from the traditional banks, UK housing market is financed largely by the large amount of investors from other countries. The requirements for the strong growth in the UK housing market were largely dependent on the pricing of the residential and non-residential property. The UK housing market then consisted of submarkets and the quantitative analysis was the most common method to determine the market issues and segmentation. The UK housing market consists of owner, rental and industrial owners and the affordability concept is measured through econometric concept. This essay makes a conclusion that the housing scheme not only helped in decreasing the housing prices but also increased the repossession in the rental property land. The decrease was also due to the fact that the lenders were asked to pay only the capital sum at the end of the repayment term and tenure. The government has also increased the process of facilitation of the housing loans which have increased and doubled up to 15 percent in the last tenure. It is also observed form the graph that the government’s mortgage guarantee scheme of  £12 billion helped in stoking the bubble to a large extent. With the emergence of the Household Guarantee scheme proposed by the UK government, an increase in the supply of the individual and rental property was witnessed in the following areas.

Child neglect, abuse and its effect on juvenile delinquency Research Paper

Child neglect, abuse and its effect on juvenile delinquency - Research Paper Example The unseen types of child abuse are more destructive and make lifetime scars on the victims. This paper is a discussion on cases of child abuse, child negligence, and its effects on juvenile delinquency. The risk factors for child abuse and neglect are families with domestic violence, untreated mental illness cases, alcohol and drug abuse, and lack of parenting skills. Federal law on child abuse and prevention Act (CAPTA) defines child abuse and neglect as, â€Å"Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, severe physical or emotional harm, or sexual abuse† (Child welfare web). Some myths depict that, for an action to amount to a child abuse, it must be cruel and only done by dishonest persons to the child. This is not always the case since other types of injury are invisible and do not include any violence. Additionally, some parents find themselves caught up with acts of violence due to mental and personal problems. Another myth is that child abuse does not occur in respectable families. The truth is that child abuse happens across all tribes, cultures, and economic status including reasonable, bad, and poor neighbourhoods. The following is some forms of child abuse. The first and serious category of child abuse is neglect. Statistics show that of all the child abuse cases reported every year, over 60 % of these cases are of minor neglect. Child negligence is a failure of the parent or a caregiver to bear a child’s basic needs. They may take the form of physical needs like food and shelter, medical needs, educational needs, and emotional needs. Additionally, child negligence result when a child is left alone to suffer from pain and damage from the harsh conditions of the surroundings without any communication from the parents. In such a case, the caregiver’s name and their whereabouts remain unknown. Negligence as a form of child abuse can also be

Aging and the Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Aging and the Family - Essay Example The book emphasizes upon the issue that is often overlooked in the sociology and anthropological research studies. The family life related studies mostly focuses upon the responsibilities and problems of the people while managing their family lives however, the problems of lonely males are often not given much importance in the research studies. The author realized that there is a big gap in the literature that must be filled with the help of a detailed research work focusing upon the lives and experiences of the elderly males. The book strives to present the individuals’ views about their own life and life patterns. Their activities and feelings are basically described in the book to let the readers feel the meanings of living alone in the elderly phase of the live and the problems the people have to bear in making their lives busy, interesting and exciting. The book also provides information that is necessary for running the senior centres. The book also lists out 16 pages long recommendations meant to the senior centres in which the author has attempted to suggest different activities that the senior centres should provide to the elderly alone people in order to keep them busy and satisfy with the lives. The book has been written with the help of information collected from the interviews of 47 live alone elderly males in Philadelphia. The participants belong to the ages from 60 to 92. The book is based upon qualitative research approach and the author has conducted primary research to collect the information for writing the book. The book uses the interviews as research method and 47 out of 15,000 alone elderly males have been approaches and interviewed to have an insight over their problems and experienced that they faced while living alone in the elderly phase of their lives. The people were approached for the interviews using different methods. 26 old

Compare and Contrast between Scientific School of Thought

Compare and Contrast between Scientific School of Thought Scientific school of management (also known as Taylorism or Taylor system) is a theory of management which analyzes synthesizes the processes of workflow, while improving labor efficiency. The theory as a whole was developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor between 1880s 1890s, was first published in many of his monographs such as Shop Management in 1905 The Principles of Scientific Management in 1911. He also believed that decisions which were based upon tradition rules of thumb should be replaced by procedures which are precise and were developed after careful study of a volunteer at work. The behavioral school of management thought was developed, because of weaknesses that were perceived in the assumptions formulated from the classical school. The classical school had emphasized on efficiency, process principles. Many people felt that this emphasis did not give any importance to any of the important aspects of life of an organization, particularly as it related to human behavior. Therefore, the behavioral school of management was mainly focused on trying to get the meaning of the factors which would affect human behavior at the workplace. As organizations developed became more complex, there aroused a need for systematic understanding of managing the overall process of getting things done through many other people. Management is combination of a vast spectrum of theories. Management is divided into two important divisions i.e. The classical school of thoughts the Neo-classical school of thoughts. Process of designing and maintain an environment in which individual working together in groups efficiently accomplish selected aims Management is an essential organ for all business organizations. Management consists of sires of interrelated functions which are performed by all managers. Management is a process of planning, organization, staffing, directing and controlling. So now we can say that management is a continuous process of interrelated functions of an organization in order to set basic goals which are to be performed for the existence of the company. Management is a complex activity .Management is an intangible force that cannot be seen but its presence can be felt in the way the organization functions. It is a group activity with different types of individuals getting together to achieve the organizational goals .Management is very dynamic .It operates in a changing environment .It adapts these changes so, that the business is able to maintain its competitiveness .Management ensures that the organization makes profit which is an incentive for continued successful operation of the enterprise. Management is essential for achieving the goals of an organization. The task of a manager is to give a common direction to the individual effort in achieving overall goals of the organization. Management aims at reducing cost increasing productivity. Management also operates in an ever changing environment. It has to make changes to adapt to face challenges that may come up in the future. Managers motivate and lead the individual in such a way so that he can achieve his personal individual goals or objectives. Management helps the development of society by providing good and durable quality products and service by creating an employment opportunity and adopting new technology. Fredrick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) is known as the father of scientific management. The disciplines given by Taylor became famous in their own way. Scientific management is the word or the phrase given to the principle practices which grew out of the work done by Taylor. The Four basic principles contributed by Taylor are given below:- (i) Scientific, not rule of thumb (ii)Harmony, not discord (iii) cooperation, not individualism (iv) development of each and every person to his or her greatest efficiency and prosperity. Therefore the scientific methods provide an understanding framework for the overview of the problems. It usually consists of defining the problem gathering data, analyzing the data, developing alternatives and the best alternatives. Taylor believed that the scientific method would provide a useful way to determine the most productive method to perform the work. Henri Fayol (1841-1925) was a French management theorist whose theories on scientific organization of labor were hugely influential in the end of the nineteenth century. Fayol graduated from the mining academy of St.Ethian in 1960. His theories dealt with the organization of production in the context of a competitive enterprise that has to control its production costs. Fayol was the first person to identify four functions of management-planning, organizing, directing controlling although his method was a bit different as in plan, organize, command, coordinate and control. According to Fayol all the activities done by an industry can be divided into technical; commercial; financial; security; accounting and managerial. Fayol even told that one should have the qualities possessed by a manager such as physical, moral, education, knowledge experience. He gave fourteen principles of management which are Division of work Authority responsibility Discipline Unity of command Unity of direction subordination of individual interest to general interest remuneration of employees centralization and decentralization scalar chain order equity stability of personnel initiative Spirit de corps. Max Weber (1864-1920) was a sociologist and a political economist who originated from Germany. The most notable organization was huge fully industrialized. They often included ongoing routine tasks that produced a variety of products. Tasks were standardized as much as they could. Max focused on dividing organizations into hierarchies, by establishing a strong line of authority control. He suggested that organizations should develop comprehensive detailed standard operating procedures for all tasks that are reutilized. Eventually unions government regulations reacted to the rather dehumanizing effects of these theories. Too much attention was given to individual their unique capabilities in the organization. Human resource departments were added to the organizations. The behavioral sciences played a major and an important role in helping to understand the needs of the workers as well as the needs of the organizations. The six major principles of Max Weber are A formal hierarchical structure Management by rules organization by functional specialty An up- focused or in-focused mission purposely impersonal Employment based on technical qualification. The classical or traditional thought of management was generally concerned with the structure the activities of a formal organization. The importance derived from the achievement of an effective efficient organization were seen to be the issues like the creation of a hierarchy of authority, the division of work, the span of control. The classical thought of management focuses on the efficiency or productivity and includes scientific, bureaucratic administrative management. The scientific approach requires many major principles in its application on management: Develops a science for each operation to replace opinion the rule-of-thumb. It suggests that workers should be scientifically selected and should be based on their qualifications trained to perform their jobs in the most optimistic manner. It advocates genuine cooperation between workers management based on mutual self-interest. Suggests that management should take full responsibility for planning the work that workers primary responsibility should be the achievement of managements plans. Scientific thought of management is a series of approaches which are aimed at improving the performance or efficiency of individual workers through the use of analytical procedures to lift workplace productivity. The system was developed by Fredrick Taylor (1856-1915), in the hope of providing the workplace with greater productivity efficiency, which in turn gave the individuals a whole better understanding of management. He defined his theory as the one best way for a job to be done .Scientific management had brought many improvements to productivity of an organization, which was much needed impressive. Highly repetitive jobs were re-designed, with a remarkable increase in output, which has contributed to the workplace greatly. Despite all the criticisms of Taylor`s work, his work is considered to be an essential study in management. By recruiting the best employees training them in the best useful way and also giving them satisfactory wages according to the up-to-date values can improve the stage of work and yield (productivity). This will certainly lead to an increase in the efficiency or productivity of business. We still rely on these ideas along with some of the aims of human relations theory which are flexibility, informal communication, and motivation. Both overlook the organizational excellence through increased efficiency. This can be achieved today by equally depending upon both the theories. Scientific management is very important, therefore, because it could raise the standard of living of all the countries by making workers more efficient productive adding their wages. Unlike the theorist of the human relation movement, the behavioral theorist engaged in objective research of human behavior movement in organization. They carefully attempted to keep their personal belief out of their work life. It has added the importance meaning to our understanding of power, conflict, organization. Our vote of thanks leads to all those who introduced these theories to the world. This is the conclusion for this project.

the devastation of the indies :: essays research papers

Upon reading the devastation of the Indies, it is apparent that many ailments of prejudice existed in those times of newly discovered lands and territories unchartered to the Europeans. Those of racism towards an unfamiliar people, a sense of Heathenism assumed upon the Native American civilization, and the brutal savagery demonstrated against the peaceful Native American Indians of this "new world." In the brief account from a sympathetic eyewitness, we see these horrible prejudices manifested through raids and massacrers by a foolish fleet of explorers whom fate would have to land on an unfortunate tribe far devoid of hatred and war. The role that racism plays in this historical account seems to be the foundation on which the oppression was built. Racism can be defined as one group of people claiming another to be inferior by the assumption that there is a connection between biology and culture, that the way one looks determines the way one behaves (Kennedy, lines 2-4). Based upon this definition, it is apparent that the Europeans drew many racist conclusions from the immediate appearance of the native people. The way the native people wore next to no clothing and seemed to be so in touch with nature planted thoughts of inferiority into the minds of the Europeans. The prejudices applied by the explorers ultimately lead to the enslavement and battery of the innocent Indians. Heathenism also played into the unfortunate events following Columbus’ discovery of the new world. Heathenism is a term applied to a group of people which do not follow the god of Christianity, Islam, or Judaism. The Native Americans had no prior knowledge of such religions. That is, they did not reject these teachings, they were merely ignorant to the existence of such institutions. The Europeans, who held religion in the highest regards, took great offense to this different culture and instead of spreading their gospel, condemned the natives to be godless heathens. As a result, treating them as if they were not even human, and took no mercy on the people. the devastation of the indies :: essays research papers Upon reading the devastation of the Indies, it is apparent that many ailments of prejudice existed in those times of newly discovered lands and territories unchartered to the Europeans. Those of racism towards an unfamiliar people, a sense of Heathenism assumed upon the Native American civilization, and the brutal savagery demonstrated against the peaceful Native American Indians of this "new world." In the brief account from a sympathetic eyewitness, we see these horrible prejudices manifested through raids and massacrers by a foolish fleet of explorers whom fate would have to land on an unfortunate tribe far devoid of hatred and war. The role that racism plays in this historical account seems to be the foundation on which the oppression was built. Racism can be defined as one group of people claiming another to be inferior by the assumption that there is a connection between biology and culture, that the way one looks determines the way one behaves (Kennedy, lines 2-4). Based upon this definition, it is apparent that the Europeans drew many racist conclusions from the immediate appearance of the native people. The way the native people wore next to no clothing and seemed to be so in touch with nature planted thoughts of inferiority into the minds of the Europeans. The prejudices applied by the explorers ultimately lead to the enslavement and battery of the innocent Indians. Heathenism also played into the unfortunate events following Columbus’ discovery of the new world. Heathenism is a term applied to a group of people which do not follow the god of Christianity, Islam, or Judaism. The Native Americans had no prior knowledge of such religions. That is, they did not reject these teachings, they were merely ignorant to the existence of such institutions. The Europeans, who held religion in the highest regards, took great offense to this different culture and instead of spreading their gospel, condemned the natives to be godless heathens. As a result, treating them as if they were not even human, and took no mercy on the people.